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Voltaire, born François-Marie Arouet on November 21, 1694, in Paris, France, was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, celebrated for his wit, advocacy of civil liberties, and criticism of established religion and government. He is best known for his philosophical works, satirical writings, and his role in promoting freedom of expression. Early Life Voltaire was educated at the Louis-le-Grand college run by the Jesuits, where he developed a love for literature and philosophy. His early life was marked by a passion for writing and a disdain for authority, which would define his later works. Career and Major Works Satire and Philosophy: Voltaire's most famous work, Candide (1759), is a satirical novella that critiques optimism and the philosophy of the time, particularly that of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Through the misadventures of its protagonist, Candide, Voltaire exposes the absurdities of life and the folly of blind optimism. Historical Works: Voltaire also wrote extensively on history, including The Age of Louis XIV and The Age of Louis XV, where he examined the political and social issues of his time. Advocacy for Civil Rights: He was a fervent advocate for civil liberties, including freedom of speech and separation of church and state. His famous quote, "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it," encapsulates his commitment to free expression. Exile and Later Life Voltaire's sharp criticisms of the French government and the Catholic Church often led to conflict with authorities. After being imprisoned in the Bastille and facing exile, he spent several years in England, where he was influenced by English liberalism. Upon returning to France, he continued to write and became a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. In 1778, Voltaire returned to Paris and continued to write until his death on May 30 of that year. He was 83 years old and left behind a legacy that profoundly influenced modern Western thought. Legacy Voltaire is remembered as one of the greatest advocates of civil rights, secularism, and rational thought. His works continue to be studied and celebrated for their contributions to philosophy, literature, and political thought. Further Reading
