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Pericles (c. 495–429 BC) was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general during Athens's Golden Age, particularly during the time of the Peloponnesian War. He played a crucial role in developing Athenian democracy and expanding the Athenian empire. Early Life Born into an aristocratic family, Pericles was the son of Xanthippus, a general who led Athenian forces at the Battle of Mycale. He received a robust education, studying under philosophers like Anaxagoras and Socrates, which shaped his views on politics and governance. Political Career Pericles emerged as a leader in Athenian politics in the 460s BC. His political career is marked by the following key developments: Expansion of Democracy: He championed the expansion of democracy in Athens, promoting political equality among citizens, which allowed for broader participation in governance. Under his influence, payment for public office and jury duty was introduced, enabling even the poorest citizens to engage in political life. Cultural Patronage: Pericles is often credited with the construction of many significant structures in Athens, including the Parthenon on the Acropolis. His support for the arts led to a flourishing of culture, with notable figures like the playwright Sophocles and the philosopher Herodotus active during this period. The Peloponnesian War Pericles's leadership faced significant challenges during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), a conflict between Athens and Sparta. His strategy involved avoiding land battles with the superior Spartan army while relying on Athenian naval power. He famously advocated for a defensive approach, which included retreating within the city walls and utilizing the Athenian fleet for raids. However, his strategy faced criticism, especially after the plague of 430 BC devastated Athens, claiming many lives, including Pericles himself in 429 BC. Despite this, his vision for Athens left a lasting legacy. Legacy Pericles's contributions significantly shaped the political landscape of Athens and laid the foundations for Western democracy. His era is often referred to as the "Age of Pericles," highlighting the advancements in art, philosophy, and governance during his leadership. His oratory skills and philosophical ideas are still studied today, and he remains a symbol of democracy and civic responsibility.
