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David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known for his influential contributions to Western philosophy, particularly in the areas of empiricism and skepticism. His ideas have shaped modern thought and continue to be relevant in various fields, including philosophy, psychology, and economics.
Early Life Hume was born on April 26, 1711, in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was raised in a moderately wealthy family, which allowed him access to education. He attended the University of Edinburgh at the age of 12, where he developed a strong interest in philosophy, particularly the works of Descartes and Locke.
Major Works and Philosophy A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740): This foundational work is divided into three books that explore human psychology, emotions, and the nature of knowledge. Hume argues that human understanding is fundamentally rooted in experience and that our beliefs are shaped by habits rather than rationality. He famously critiques the idea of causation, suggesting that we cannot derive necessary connections from mere observation.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748): In this work, Hume revisits themes from his earlier treatise in a more accessible format. He introduces his famous problem of induction, questioning how we can justify our beliefs about the future based on past experiences. He also discusses the nature of miracles and the limitations of human reason.
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751): Hume explores the basis of moral judgments, arguing that ethics is grounded in human sentiments rather than reason. He contends that moral distinctions arise from feelings of approval or disapproval rather than objective truths.
The History of England (1754-1762): This multi-volume work covers the history of England from the Roman invasion to the Glorious Revolution. It was well-received and established Hume's reputation as a historian, though it was criticized for its bias and subjective interpretation of events.
Later Life and Legacy
Hume's later years were spent primarily in Edinburgh, where he continued to write and engage in intellectual discussions. He died on August 25, 1776, and was buried in the city's Old Calton Burial Ground.
Hume's philosophical skepticism, particularly regarding religion and human understanding, laid the groundwork for subsequent thinkers, including Immanuel Kant, who famously said that Hume awakened him from his "dogmatic slumber." Hume's ideas about empiricism, human nature, and moral philosophy remain central to contemporary debates in philosophy and beyond.
