Indigenous trade at the heart of South America
Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country in the world, located in Central Asia and extending into Eastern Europe. It has a diverse landscape that includes steppes, mountains, and deserts, along with rich natural resources.
Key Facts
Capital: Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana)
Population: Approximately 19 million (2023)
Official Languages: Kazakh (state language) and Russian
Currency: Kazakhstani Tenge (KZT)
Geography
Kazakhstan spans over 2.7 million square kilometers, making it the ninth-largest country in the world:
Landscape: Characterized by vast steppes, the Caspian Sea coastline, and mountain ranges such as the Altai and Tien Shan.
Climate: Continental climate with hot summers and cold winters.
History
Ancient History: The territory has been inhabited for thousands of years, with historical influences from the Scythians, Turkic tribes, and Mongol empires.
Russian Empire: Kazakhstan became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century, leading to significant demographic and cultural changes.
Soviet Union: After the 1917 revolution, Kazakhstan became a Soviet republic, enduring events like forced collectivization and the development of the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
Independence: Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on December 16, 1991.
Economy
Kazakhstan's economy is heavily reliant on its vast mineral and energy resources:
Natural Resources: The country is rich in oil, natural gas, coal, and minerals, making it a significant player in global energy markets.
Diversification Efforts: The government has initiated programs to diversify the economy, focusing on sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and technology.
Culture
Kazakhstan has a rich cultural heritage influenced by its nomadic traditions:
Traditional Arts: Includes music, dance, and crafts like felt-making and intricate jewelry.
Cuisine: Traditional dishes include beshbarmak (boiled meat with pasta) and kazy (horse meat sausage).
Festivals: Nauryz, the spring equinox, is a significant holiday celebrated with various cultural activities.
Global Role
Kazakhstan is increasingly active on the international stage:
Diplomacy: Known for its role as a mediator in regional conflicts and its participation in international organizations.
Belt and Road Initiative: Kazakhstan is a key participant in China's Belt and Road Initiative, enhancing trade links between Europe and Asia.
Challenges
Political Landscape: The country has faced issues related to political freedoms and human rights.
Environmental Issues: The Aral Sea crisis and industrial pollution pose significant environmental challenges.
Copyright (C) S. Midttun, 2024
